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PAIN CONDITIONS
ABOUT PAIN
ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRITIC PAIN
BACK PAIN
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
FIBROMYALGIA
GOUT
KNEE PROBLEMS
MIGRAINE
PELVIC PAIN
PROSTATE PROBLEMS
RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON AND PAIN
REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY SYNDROME, CAUSALGIA
REPETITIVE MOTION DISORDER
SHINGLES
SHOULDER PROBLEMS AND PAIN
SPINAL STENOSIS
SPRAINS AND STRAINS
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (JAW) DISORDERS
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
WHIPLASH
ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRITIC PAIN
BACK PAIN
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
FIBROMYALGIA
GOUT
KNEE PROBLEMS
MIGRAINE
PELVIC PAIN
PROSTATE PROBLEMS
RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON AND PAIN
REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY SYNDROME, CAUSALGIA
REPETITIVE MOTION DISORDER
SHINGLES
SHOULDER PROBLEMS AND PAIN
SPINAL STENOSIS
SPRAINS AND STRAINS
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (JAW) DISORDERS
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
WHIPLASH
ABOUT PAIN
Pain is an unpleasant experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage to a
person's body. Pain can cause tiredness, depression, anger, worry, loneliness and
stress. Pain can interfere with daily activities, interest in work and hobbies, sleeping,
eating, enjoying friends and family and enjoying life. There are two basic forms of pain:
acute and chronic. Acute pain, for the most part, results from disease, inflammation, or
injury to tissues. It is immediate and usually of a short duration. Chronic pain is
continuous pain that persists for more than 3 months, and beyond the time of normal
healing. It can last weeks, months, or years to a lifetime. Chronic pain may have an initial
mishap -- sprained back, serious infection, or there may be an ongoing cause of pain --
arthritis, cancer, ear infection, but some people suffer chronic pain in the absence of any
past injury or evidence of body damage. Common chronic pain complaints include
headache, low back pain, cancer pain, arthritis pain, neurogenic pain (pain resulting from
damage to the peripheral nerves or to the central nervous system itself), psychogenic pain
(pain not due to past disease or injury or any visible sign of damage inside or outside the
nervous system).
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ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRITIC PAIN
The word arthritis literally means joint inflammation, but it is often used to refer to a group of more than 100 rheumatic diseases
that can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints. These diseases may affect not only the joints but also other parts of the
body, including important supporting structures such as muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments, as well as some internal
organs. More than 40 million Americans are affected by some form of arthritis. Two of the most common forms of arthritis are
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, which lead to chronic pain in many patients.
Osteoarthritis occurs when cartilage, the tissue that cushions the ends of the bones within the joints, breaks down and wears
away. In some cases, all of the cartilage may wear away, leaving bones that rub up against each other. Symptoms range from
stiffness and mild pain that comes and goes to severe joint pain. Osteoarthritis affects hands, low back, neck, and
weight-bearing joints such as knees, hips, and feet.
Rheumatoid arthritis is classified as an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system turns
against parts of the body it is designed to protect. Rheumatoid arthritis not only affects the joints, but may also attack tissue in
the skin, lungs, eyes, and blood vessels. Pain is a major symptom. In addition, people with rheumatoid arthritis may feel sick,
tired, and sometimes feverish.
What Causes Arthritic Pain?
The pain of arthritis may come from different sources. These may include inflammation of the synovial membrane (tissue that
lines the joints), the tendons, or the ligaments; muscle strain; and fatigue. A combination of these factors contributes to the
intensity of the pain. The pain of arthritis varies greatly from person to person. Factors that contribute to the pain include swelling
within the joint, the amount of heat or redness present, or damage that has occurred within the joint. In addition, activities affect
pain differently so that some patients note pain in their joints after first getting out of bed in the morning, whereas others develop
pain after prolonged use of the joint. Each individual has a different threshold and tolerance for pain, often affected by both
physical and emotional factors. These can include depression, anxiety, and even hypersensitivity at the affected sites due to
inflammation and tissue injury.
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BACK PAIN
Most acute back pain is the result of trauma to the lower back or a disorder such as arthritis. Pain from trauma may be caused
by a sports injury, work around the house or in the garden, or a sudden jolt such as a car accident or other stress on spinal
bones and tissues. Symptoms may range from muscle ache to shooting or stabbing pain, limited flexibility and range of motion,
or an inability to stand straight. Chronic back pain is pain that persists for more than 3 months and it is often progressive.
What Are Main Causes of Lower Back Pain?
As people age, bone strength and muscle elasticity and tone tend to decrease. The discs begin to lose fluid and flexibility, which
decreases their ability to cushion the vertebrae. Pain can occur when, for example, someone lifts something too heavy or
overstretches, causing a sprain, strain, or spasm in one of the muscles or ligaments in the back. If the spine becomes overly
strained or compressed, a disc may rupture or bulge outward. This rupture may put pressure on one of the more than 50 nerves
rooted to the spinal cord that control body movements and transmit signals from the body to the brain. When these nerve roots
become compressed or irritated, back pain results.
Low back pain may reflect nerve or muscle irritation or bone lesions. Most low back pain follows injury or trauma to the back, but
pain may also be caused by degenerative conditions such as arthritis or disc disease, osteoporosis or other bone diseases,
viral infections, irritation to joints and discs, or congenital abnormalities in the spine. Obesity, smoking, weight gain during
pregnancy, stress, poor physical condition, posture inappropriate for the activity being performed, and poor sleeping position
also may contribute to low back pain. Additionally, scar tissue created when the injured back heals itself does not have the
strength or flexibility of normal tissue. Buildup of scar tissue from repeated injuries eventually weakens the back and can lead to
more serious injury.
Conditions that may cause low back pain include:
Bulging disc (also called protruding, herniated, or ruptured disc). The intervertebral discs are under constant pressure. As discs
degenerate and weaken, cartilage can bulge or be pushed into the space containing the spinal cord or a nerve root, causing
pain. Most herniated discs occur in the lower, lumbar portion of the spinal column.
Cauda equina syndrome. It is a much more serious complication of a ruptured disc, which occurs when disc material is
pushed into the spinal canal and compresses the bundle of lumbar and sacral nerve roots. Permanent neurological damage
may result if this syndrome is left untreated.
Sciatica is a condition in which a herniated or ruptured disc presses on the sciatic nerve, the large nerve that extends down the
spinal column to its exit point in the pelvis and carries nerve fibers to the leg. This compression causes shock-like or burning
low back pain combined with pain through the buttocks and down one leg to below the knee, occasionally reaching the foot. In
the most extreme cases, when the nerve is pinched between the disc and an adjacent bone, the symptoms involve not pain but
numbness and some loss of motor control over the leg due to interruption of nerve signaling. The condition may also be caused
by a tumor, cyst, metastatic disease, or degeneration of the sciatic nerve root.
Spinal degeneration from disc wear and tear can lead to a narrowing of the spinal canal. A person with spinal degeneration may
experience stiffness in the back upon awakening or may feel pain after walking or standing for a long time.
Spinal stenosis related to congenital narrowing of the bony canal predisposes some people to pain related to disc disease.
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease marked by progressive decrease in bone density and strength. Fracture of brittle,
porous bones in the spine and hips results when the body fails to produce new bone and/or absorbs too much existing bone.
Women are four times more likely than men to develop osteoporosis.
Skeletal irregularities produce strain on the vertebrae and supporting muscles, tendons, ligaments, and tissues supported by
spinal column. These irregularities include scoliosis, a curving of the spine to the side; kyphosis, in which the normal curve of
the upper back is severely rounded; lordosis, an abnormally accentuated arch in the lower back; back extension, a bending
backward of the spine; and back flexion, in which the spine bends forward.
Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and multiple “tender points,”
particularly in the neck, spine, shoulders, and hips. Additional symptoms may include sleep disturbances, morning stiffness,
and anxiety.
Spondylitis refers to chronic back pain and stiffness caused by a severe infection to or inflammation of the spinal joints. Other
painful inflammations in the lower back include osteomyelitis (infection in the bones of the spine) and sacroiliitis (inflammation
in the sacroiliac joints).
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CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a painful progressive condition caused by compression of a key nerve in the wrist. It occurs when
the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. Symptoms usually
start gradually, with pain, weakness, or numbness in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm. As symptoms worsen, people
might feel tingling during the day, and decreased grip strength may make it difficult to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform
other manual tasks. In some cases no direct cause of the syndrome can be identified. Most likely the disorder is due to a
congenital predisposition - the carpal tunnel is simply smaller in some people than in others. However, the risk of developing
carpal tunnel syndrome is especially common in those performing assembly line work.
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DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
Diabetic neuropathy is a peripheral nerve disorder caused by diabetes. The symptoms of diabetic neuropathy are often slight at
first. In fact, some mild cases may go unnoticed for a long time. Numbness, pain, or tingling in the feet, or legs may, after
several years, lead to weakness in the muscles of the feet. Occasionally, diabetic neuropathy can flare up suddenly and affect
specific nerves so that an affected individual will develop double vision or drooping eyelids, or weakness and atrophy of the
thigh muscles. Nerve damage caused by diabetes generally occurs over a period of years and may lead to problems with the
digestive tract and sexual organs, which can cause indigestion, diarrhea or constipation, dizziness, bladder infections, and
impotence. The loss of sensation in the feet may increase the possibility for foot injuries to go unnoticed and develop into ulcers
or lesions that become infected. The painful sensations of diabetic neuropathy may become severe enough to cause
depression in some patients.
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Diabetic neuropathy is a peripheral nerve disorder caused by diabetes. The symptoms of diabetic neuropathy are often slight at
first. In fact, some mild cases may go unnoticed for a long time. Numbness, pain, or tingling in the feet, or legs may, after
several years, lead to weakness in the muscles of the feet. Occasionally, diabetic neuropathy can flare up suddenly and affect
specific nerves so that an affected individual will develop double vision or drooping eyelids, or weakness and atrophy of the
thigh muscles. Nerve damage caused by diabetes generally occurs over a period of years and may lead to problems with the
digestive tract and sexual organs, which can cause indigestion, diarrhea or constipation, dizziness, bladder infections, and
impotence. The loss of sensation in the feet may increase the possibility for foot injuries to go unnoticed and develop into ulcers
or lesions that become infected. The painful sensations of diabetic neuropathy may become severe enough to cause
depression in some patients.
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FIBROMYALGIA
Fibromyalgia syndrome is a common and chronic disorder characterized by widespread muscle pain, fatigue, and multiple
tender points. The word fibromyalgia comes from the Latin term for fibrous tissue (fibro) and the Greek ones for muscle (myo)
and pain (algia). Tender points are specific places on the body—on the neck, shoulders, back, hips, and upper and lower
extremities—where people with fibromyalgia feel pain in response to slight pressure. Although fibromyalgia is often considered
an arthritis-related condition, it is not truly a form of arthritis (a disease of the joints) because it does not cause inflammation or
damage to the joints, muscles, or other tissues. Like arthritis, however, fibromyalgia can cause significant pain and fatigue, and
it can interfere with a person's ability to carry on daily activities. In addition to pain and fatigue, people who have fibromyalgia may
experience sleep disturbances, morning stiffness, headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, painful menstrual periods, numbness
or tingling of the extremities, restless legs syndrome, temperature sensitivity, cognitive and memory problems (sometimes
referred to as "fibro fog"), or a variety of other symptoms.
The causes of fibromyalgia are unknown, but there are probably a number of factors involved. Many people associate the
development of fibromyalgia with a physically or emotionally stressful or traumatic event, such as an automobile accident. Some
connect it to repetitive injuries. Others link it to an illness. People with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases,
such as lupus, are particularly likely to develop fibromyalgia. For others, fibromyalgia seems to occur spontaneously. For a
fibromyalgia diagnosis, a person must have 11 or more tender points. One of these predesignated sites is considered a true
tender point only if the person feels pain upon the application of 4 kilograms of pressure to the site.
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Fibromyalgia syndrome is a common and chronic disorder characterized by widespread muscle pain, fatigue, and multiple
tender points. The word fibromyalgia comes from the Latin term for fibrous tissue (fibro) and the Greek ones for muscle (myo)
and pain (algia). Tender points are specific places on the body—on the neck, shoulders, back, hips, and upper and lower
extremities—where people with fibromyalgia feel pain in response to slight pressure. Although fibromyalgia is often considered
an arthritis-related condition, it is not truly a form of arthritis (a disease of the joints) because it does not cause inflammation or
damage to the joints, muscles, or other tissues. Like arthritis, however, fibromyalgia can cause significant pain and fatigue, and
it can interfere with a person's ability to carry on daily activities. In addition to pain and fatigue, people who have fibromyalgia may
experience sleep disturbances, morning stiffness, headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, painful menstrual periods, numbness
or tingling of the extremities, restless legs syndrome, temperature sensitivity, cognitive and memory problems (sometimes
referred to as "fibro fog"), or a variety of other symptoms.
The causes of fibromyalgia are unknown, but there are probably a number of factors involved. Many people associate the
development of fibromyalgia with a physically or emotionally stressful or traumatic event, such as an automobile accident. Some
connect it to repetitive injuries. Others link it to an illness. People with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases,
such as lupus, are particularly likely to develop fibromyalgia. For others, fibromyalgia seems to occur spontaneously. For a
fibromyalgia diagnosis, a person must have 11 or more tender points. One of these predesignated sites is considered a true
tender point only if the person feels pain upon the application of 4 kilograms of pressure to the site.
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GOUT
Gout is one of the most painful rheumatic diseases. It results from deposits of needle-like crystals of uric acid in connective
tissue, in the joint space between two bones, or in both. These deposits lead to inflammatory arthritis, which causes swelling,
redness, heat, pain, and stiffness in the joints. Gout accounts for approximately 5 percent of all cases of arthritis. Uric acid is a
substance that results from the breakdown of purines, which are part of all human tissue and are found in many foods.
Normally, uric acid is dissolved in the blood and passed through the kidneys into the urine, where it is eliminated. If the body
increases its production of uric acid or if the kidneys do not eliminate enough uric acid from the body, levels of it build up in the
blood (a condition called hyperuricemia). Hyperuricemia also may result when a person eats too many high-purine foods, such
as liver, dried beans and peas, anchovies, and gravies. Hyperuricemia is not a disease and by itself is not dangerous. However,
if excess uric acid crystals form as a result of hyperuricemia, gout can develop. The excess crystals build up in the joint spaces,
causing inflammation. Deposits of uric acid, called tophi (singular: tophus), can appear as lumps under the skin around the
joints and at the rim of the ear. In addition, uric acid crystals can collect in the kidneys and cause kidney stones. For many
people, gout initially affects the joints in the big toe. Sometime during the course of the disease, gout will affect the big toe in
about 75 percent of patients. It also can affect the instep, ankles, heels, knees, wrists, fingers, and elbows.
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Gout is one of the most painful rheumatic diseases. It results from deposits of needle-like crystals of uric acid in connective
tissue, in the joint space between two bones, or in both. These deposits lead to inflammatory arthritis, which causes swelling,
redness, heat, pain, and stiffness in the joints. Gout accounts for approximately 5 percent of all cases of arthritis. Uric acid is a
substance that results from the breakdown of purines, which are part of all human tissue and are found in many foods.
Normally, uric acid is dissolved in the blood and passed through the kidneys into the urine, where it is eliminated. If the body
increases its production of uric acid or if the kidneys do not eliminate enough uric acid from the body, levels of it build up in the
blood (a condition called hyperuricemia). Hyperuricemia also may result when a person eats too many high-purine foods, such
as liver, dried beans and peas, anchovies, and gravies. Hyperuricemia is not a disease and by itself is not dangerous. However,
if excess uric acid crystals form as a result of hyperuricemia, gout can develop. The excess crystals build up in the joint spaces,
causing inflammation. Deposits of uric acid, called tophi (singular: tophus), can appear as lumps under the skin around the
joints and at the rim of the ear. In addition, uric acid crystals can collect in the kidneys and cause kidney stones. For many
people, gout initially affects the joints in the big toe. Sometime during the course of the disease, gout will affect the big toe in
about 75 percent of patients. It also can affect the instep, ankles, heels, knees, wrists, fingers, and elbows.
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KNEE PROBLEMS
What Causes Knee Problems?
Like any joint, the knee is composed of bones and cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. There are two general kinds of
knee problems: mechanical and inflammatory. Some mechanical Knee problems result from injury, such as a direct blow or
sudden movements that strain the knee beyond its normal range of movement. Other mechanical problems, such as
osteoarthritis in the knee, result from wear and tear on its parts. Inflammatory Knee problems occur in certain rheumatic
diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis of the Knee
Arthritis of the knee is most often osteoarthritis. In this disease, the cartilage in the joint gradually wears away. In
rheumatoid arthritis, which can also affect the knees, the joint becomes inflamed and cartilage may be destroyed. Arthritis not
only affects joints; it can also affect supporting structures such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Osteoarthritis may be
caused by excess stress on the joint from deformity, repeated injury, or excess weight. It most often affects middle-aged and
older people. Rheumatoid arthritis often affects people at an earlier age than osteoarthritis.
Cartilage Injuries and Disorders
Chondromalacia, also called chondromalaciapatellae, refers to softening of the articular cartilage of the knee cap. This disorder
occurs most often in young adults and can be caused by injury, overuse, parts out of alignment, or muscle weakness. Instead of
gliding smoothly across the lower end of the thigh bone, the knee cap rubs against it, thereby roughening the cartilage
underneath the knee cap. The damage may range from a slightly abnormal surface of the cartilage to a surface that has been
worn away to the bone. Chondromalacia related to injury occurs when a blow to the knee cap tears off either a small piece of
cartilage or a large fragment containing a piece of bone (osteochondral fracture). The most frequent symptom is a dull pain
around or under the knee cap that worsens when walking down stairs or hills. A person may also feel pain when climbing stairs
or when the knee bears weight as it straightens. The disorder is common in runners and is also seen in skiers, cyclists, and
soccer players.
Injuries to the Meniscus
The meniscus is easily injured by the force of rotating the knee while bearing weight. A partial or total tear may occur when a
person quickly twists or rotates the upper leg while the foot stays still (for example, when dribbling a basketball around an
opponent or turning to hit a tennis ball). If the tear is tiny, the meniscus stays connected to the front and back of the knee; if the
tear is large, the meniscus may be left hanging by a thread of cartilage. The seriousness of a tear depends on its location and
extent. Generally, when people injure a meniscus, they feel some pain, particularly when the knee is straightened. If the pain is
mild, the person may continue moving. Severe pain may occur if a fragment of the meniscus catches between the femur and the
tibia. Swelling may occur soon after injury if blood vessels are disrupted, or swelling may occur several hours later if the joint fills
with fluid produced by the joint lining (synovium) as a result of inflammation. If the synovium is injured, it may become inflamed
and produce fluid to protect itself. This makes the knee swell. Sometimes, an injury that occurred in the past but was not treated
becomes painful months or years later, particularly if the knee is injured a second time. After any injury, the knee may click, lock,
or feel weak.
Ligament Injuries
Injury to the ligaments of the knee is often due to a direct impact, e.g. contact sports, that stretches and tears the ligaments of
the knee. Such blows frequently occur in contact sports like football or hockey. Pain and swelling are common.
Tendon Injuries and Disorders
Knee tendon injuries range from tendinitis (inflammation of a tendon) to a ruptured (torn) tendon. If a person overuses a tendon
during certain activities such as dancing, cycling, or running, the tendon stretches like a worn-out rubber band and becomes
inflamed. Also, trying to break a fall may cause the quadriceps muscles to contract and tear the quadriceps tendon above the
patella or the patellar tendon below the patella. This type of injury is most likely to happen in older people whose tendons tend to
be weaker. Tendinitis of the patellar tendon is sometimes called jumper's knee because in sports that require jumping, such as
basketball, the muscle contraction and force of hitting the ground after a jump strain the tendon. After repeated stress, the
tendon may become inflamed or tear. People with tendinitis often have tenderness at the point where the patellar tendon meets
the bone. In addition, they may feel pain during running, hurried walking, or jumping. A complete rupture of the quadriceps or
patellar tendon is not only painful, but also makes it difficult for a person to bend, extend, or lift the leg against gravity.
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What Causes Knee Problems?
Like any joint, the knee is composed of bones and cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. There are two general kinds of
knee problems: mechanical and inflammatory. Some mechanical Knee problems result from injury, such as a direct blow or
sudden movements that strain the knee beyond its normal range of movement. Other mechanical problems, such as
osteoarthritis in the knee, result from wear and tear on its parts. Inflammatory Knee problems occur in certain rheumatic
diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis of the Knee
Arthritis of the knee is most often osteoarthritis. In this disease, the cartilage in the joint gradually wears away. In
rheumatoid arthritis, which can also affect the knees, the joint becomes inflamed and cartilage may be destroyed. Arthritis not
only affects joints; it can also affect supporting structures such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Osteoarthritis may be
caused by excess stress on the joint from deformity, repeated injury, or excess weight. It most often affects middle-aged and
older people. Rheumatoid arthritis often affects people at an earlier age than osteoarthritis.
Cartilage Injuries and Disorders
Chondromalacia, also called chondromalaciapatellae, refers to softening of the articular cartilage of the knee cap. This disorder
occurs most often in young adults and can be caused by injury, overuse, parts out of alignment, or muscle weakness. Instead of
gliding smoothly across the lower end of the thigh bone, the knee cap rubs against it, thereby roughening the cartilage
underneath the knee cap. The damage may range from a slightly abnormal surface of the cartilage to a surface that has been
worn away to the bone. Chondromalacia related to injury occurs when a blow to the knee cap tears off either a small piece of
cartilage or a large fragment containing a piece of bone (osteochondral fracture). The most frequent symptom is a dull pain
around or under the knee cap that worsens when walking down stairs or hills. A person may also feel pain when climbing stairs
or when the knee bears weight as it straightens. The disorder is common in runners and is also seen in skiers, cyclists, and
soccer players.
Injuries to the Meniscus
The meniscus is easily injured by the force of rotating the knee while bearing weight. A partial or total tear may occur when a
person quickly twists or rotates the upper leg while the foot stays still (for example, when dribbling a basketball around an
opponent or turning to hit a tennis ball). If the tear is tiny, the meniscus stays connected to the front and back of the knee; if the
tear is large, the meniscus may be left hanging by a thread of cartilage. The seriousness of a tear depends on its location and
extent. Generally, when people injure a meniscus, they feel some pain, particularly when the knee is straightened. If the pain is
mild, the person may continue moving. Severe pain may occur if a fragment of the meniscus catches between the femur and the
tibia. Swelling may occur soon after injury if blood vessels are disrupted, or swelling may occur several hours later if the joint fills
with fluid produced by the joint lining (synovium) as a result of inflammation. If the synovium is injured, it may become inflamed
and produce fluid to protect itself. This makes the knee swell. Sometimes, an injury that occurred in the past but was not treated
becomes painful months or years later, particularly if the knee is injured a second time. After any injury, the knee may click, lock,
or feel weak.
Ligament Injuries
Injury to the ligaments of the knee is often due to a direct impact, e.g. contact sports, that stretches and tears the ligaments of
the knee. Such blows frequently occur in contact sports like football or hockey. Pain and swelling are common.
Tendon Injuries and Disorders
Knee tendon injuries range from tendinitis (inflammation of a tendon) to a ruptured (torn) tendon. If a person overuses a tendon
during certain activities such as dancing, cycling, or running, the tendon stretches like a worn-out rubber band and becomes
inflamed. Also, trying to break a fall may cause the quadriceps muscles to contract and tear the quadriceps tendon above the
patella or the patellar tendon below the patella. This type of injury is most likely to happen in older people whose tendons tend to
be weaker. Tendinitis of the patellar tendon is sometimes called jumper's knee because in sports that require jumping, such as
basketball, the muscle contraction and force of hitting the ground after a jump strain the tendon. After repeated stress, the
tendon may become inflamed or tear. People with tendinitis often have tenderness at the point where the patellar tendon meets
the bone. In addition, they may feel pain during running, hurried walking, or jumping. A complete rupture of the quadriceps or
patellar tendon is not only painful, but also makes it difficult for a person to bend, extend, or lift the leg against gravity.
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MIGRAINE
The pain of a migraine headache is often described as an intense pulsing or throbbing pain in one area of the head. It is often
accompanied by extreme sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and vomiting. Migraine is three times more common in women
than in men. Some individuals can predict the onset of a migraine because it is preceded by an "aura," visual disturbances that
appear as flashing lights, zig-zag lines or a temporary loss of vision. People with migraine tend to have recurring attacks
triggered by a lack of food or sleep, exposure to light, or hormonal irregularities (only in women). Anxiety, stress, or relaxation
after stress can also be triggers. Migraines were believed to be linked to the dilation and constriction of blood vessels in the
head and genetic factors may have contributions.
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The pain of a migraine headache is often described as an intense pulsing or throbbing pain in one area of the head. It is often
accompanied by extreme sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and vomiting. Migraine is three times more common in women
than in men. Some individuals can predict the onset of a migraine because it is preceded by an "aura," visual disturbances that
appear as flashing lights, zig-zag lines or a temporary loss of vision. People with migraine tend to have recurring attacks
triggered by a lack of food or sleep, exposure to light, or hormonal irregularities (only in women). Anxiety, stress, or relaxation
after stress can also be triggers. Migraines were believed to be linked to the dilation and constriction of blood vessels in the
head and genetic factors may have contributions.
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PELVIC PAIN
Pelvic pain is a general term that health care providers use to describe steady pain, or pain that comes and
goes, that occurs mostly or only in the lower abdomen area. In some cases, the pain might be severe and might get in the way
of daily activities; in other cases, the pain might be dull and occur only during the menstrual cycle. Pelvic pain also describes
pain that occurs during sexual intercourse. In general, pelvic pain signals that there may be a problem with one of the organs in
your pelvic area: uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, lower intestines, or rectum. Or, it might be a symptom of an
infection. Treatment varies by what the cause is, how intense the pain is, and how often the pain occurs. Sometimes pain
medication is the best option. Other times, an antibiotic may be necessary. If the pain results from a problem with one of your
pelvic organs, for example, if you find out that you have endometriosis, then your treatment may be more involved.
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Pelvic pain is a general term that health care providers use to describe steady pain, or pain that comes and
goes, that occurs mostly or only in the lower abdomen area. In some cases, the pain might be severe and might get in the way
of daily activities; in other cases, the pain might be dull and occur only during the menstrual cycle. Pelvic pain also describes
pain that occurs during sexual intercourse. In general, pelvic pain signals that there may be a problem with one of the organs in
your pelvic area: uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, lower intestines, or rectum. Or, it might be a symptom of an
infection. Treatment varies by what the cause is, how intense the pain is, and how often the pain occurs. Sometimes pain
medication is the best option. Other times, an antibiotic may be necessary. If the pain results from a problem with one of your
pelvic organs, for example, if you find out that you have endometriosis, then your treatment may be more involved.
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PROSTATE PROBLEMS
Prostate problems are very common after age 50. Most prostate problems are not cancer. Still, prostate cancer does affect a lot
of men. Prostate is about the size of a walnut. It slowly grows larger as one gets older. If the prostate gets too large due to
prostate problems, it can cause urinary problems. Pain is an important symptom of prostate problems, manifested as pain or
burning during urination. Pain may project to the back, hips, or pelvis, and painful ejaculation. Prostate Problems include Acute
prostatitis, Chronic prostatitis, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate is enlargement), and Prostate Cancer.
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Prostate problems are very common after age 50. Most prostate problems are not cancer. Still, prostate cancer does affect a lot
of men. Prostate is about the size of a walnut. It slowly grows larger as one gets older. If the prostate gets too large due to
prostate problems, it can cause urinary problems. Pain is an important symptom of prostate problems, manifested as pain or
burning during urination. Pain may project to the back, hips, or pelvis, and painful ejaculation. Prostate Problems include Acute
prostatitis, Chronic prostatitis, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate is enlargement), and Prostate Cancer.
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RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON AND PAIN
Raynaud's phenomenon is a disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. This disorder is
characterized by episodic attacks, called vasospastic attacks, that cause the blood vessels in the digits (fingers and toes) to
constrict (narrow) and result in a reduction of blood supply to the extremities. Patients with Raynaud's phenomenon often
experience associated medical problems. The more serious problems are skin ulcers (sores) or gangrene (tissue death) in the
fingers or toes. Painful ulcers and gangrene are fairly common and can be difficult to treat.
Raynaud's phenomenon can occur on its own, or it can be secondary to another condition such as scleroderma or lupus. For
most people, an attack is usually triggered by exposure to cold or emotional stress. In general, attacks affect the fingers or toes
but may affect the nose, lips, or ear lobes. Once the attack begins, a person may experience three phases of skin color
changes (white, blue, and red) in the fingers or toes. The order of the changes of color is not the same for all people, and not
everyone has all three colors. Pallor (whiteness) may occur in response to spasm of the arterioles and the resulting collapse of
the digital arteries. Cyanosis (blueness) may appear because the fingers or toes are not getting enough oxygen-rich blood. The
fingers or toes may also feel cold and numb. Finally, as the arterioles dilate (relax) and blood returns to the digits, rubor
(redness) may occur. As the attack ends, throbbing and tingling may occur in the fingers and toes. An attack can
last from less than a minute to several hours.
Raynaud's phenomenon affects 5 to 10 percent of the general population in the United States. Raynaud's phenomenon
appears to be more common in people who live in colder climates. However, people with the disorder who live in milder
climates may have more attacks during periods of colder weather. Raynaud's phenomenon is classified as either the primary
or the secondary form. Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon has no underlying disease or associated medical problems.
Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon is less common than the primary form, it is often a more complex and serious disorder.
Connective tissue diseases are the most common cause of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Some of these diseases
reduce blood flow to the digits by causing blood vessel walls to thicken and the vessels to constrict too easily.
Raynaud's phenomenon is seen in approximately 85 to 95 percent of patients with scleroderma and mixed connective tissue
disease, and it is present in about one-third of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Raynaud's phenomenon also can
occur in patients who have other connective tissue diseases, including Sjögren's syndrome, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis.
Possible causes of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, other than connective tissue diseases, are carpal tunnel syndrome
and obstructive arterial disease (blood vessel disease). Some drugs, including beta-blockers (used to treat high blood
pressure), ergotamine preparations (used for migraine headaches), certain agents used in cancer chemotherapy, and drugs
that cause vasoconstriction (such as some over-the-counter cold medications and narcotics), are linked to Raynaud's
phenomenon.
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Raynaud's phenomenon is a disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. This disorder is
characterized by episodic attacks, called vasospastic attacks, that cause the blood vessels in the digits (fingers and toes) to
constrict (narrow) and result in a reduction of blood supply to the extremities. Patients with Raynaud's phenomenon often
experience associated medical problems. The more serious problems are skin ulcers (sores) or gangrene (tissue death) in the
fingers or toes. Painful ulcers and gangrene are fairly common and can be difficult to treat.
Raynaud's phenomenon can occur on its own, or it can be secondary to another condition such as scleroderma or lupus. For
most people, an attack is usually triggered by exposure to cold or emotional stress. In general, attacks affect the fingers or toes
but may affect the nose, lips, or ear lobes. Once the attack begins, a person may experience three phases of skin color
changes (white, blue, and red) in the fingers or toes. The order of the changes of color is not the same for all people, and not
everyone has all three colors. Pallor (whiteness) may occur in response to spasm of the arterioles and the resulting collapse of
the digital arteries. Cyanosis (blueness) may appear because the fingers or toes are not getting enough oxygen-rich blood. The
fingers or toes may also feel cold and numb. Finally, as the arterioles dilate (relax) and blood returns to the digits, rubor
(redness) may occur. As the attack ends, throbbing and tingling may occur in the fingers and toes. An attack can
last from less than a minute to several hours.
Raynaud's phenomenon affects 5 to 10 percent of the general population in the United States. Raynaud's phenomenon
appears to be more common in people who live in colder climates. However, people with the disorder who live in milder
climates may have more attacks during periods of colder weather. Raynaud's phenomenon is classified as either the primary
or the secondary form. Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon has no underlying disease or associated medical problems.
Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon is less common than the primary form, it is often a more complex and serious disorder.
Connective tissue diseases are the most common cause of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Some of these diseases
reduce blood flow to the digits by causing blood vessel walls to thicken and the vessels to constrict too easily.
Raynaud's phenomenon is seen in approximately 85 to 95 percent of patients with scleroderma and mixed connective tissue
disease, and it is present in about one-third of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Raynaud's phenomenon also can
occur in patients who have other connective tissue diseases, including Sjögren's syndrome, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis.
Possible causes of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, other than connective tissue diseases, are carpal tunnel syndrome
and obstructive arterial disease (blood vessel disease). Some drugs, including beta-blockers (used to treat high blood
pressure), ergotamine preparations (used for migraine headaches), certain agents used in cancer chemotherapy, and drugs
that cause vasoconstriction (such as some over-the-counter cold medications and narcotics), are linked to Raynaud's
phenomenon.
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REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY SYNDROME, CAUSALGIA
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition. The key symptom of CRPS is continuous, intense pain
out of proportion to the severity of the injury, which gets worse rather than better over time. CRPS most often affects one of the
arms, legs, hands, or feet. Often the pain spreads to include the entire arm or leg. Typical features include dramatic changes in
the color and temperature of the skin over the affected limb or body part, accompanied by intense burning pain, skin sensitivity,
sweating, and swelling. Doctors aren’t sure what causes CRPS. In some cases the sympathetic nervous system plays an
important role in sustaining the pain. Another theory is that CRPS is caused by a triggering of the immune response, which
leads to the characteristic inflammatory symptoms of redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected area.
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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition. The key symptom of CRPS is continuous, intense pain
out of proportion to the severity of the injury, which gets worse rather than better over time. CRPS most often affects one of the
arms, legs, hands, or feet. Often the pain spreads to include the entire arm or leg. Typical features include dramatic changes in
the color and temperature of the skin over the affected limb or body part, accompanied by intense burning pain, skin sensitivity,
sweating, and swelling. Doctors aren’t sure what causes CRPS. In some cases the sympathetic nervous system plays an
important role in sustaining the pain. Another theory is that CRPS is caused by a triggering of the immune response, which
leads to the characteristic inflammatory symptoms of redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected area.
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REPETITIVE MOTION DISORDER
Repetitive motion disorders (RMDs) are a family of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the
course of normal work or daily activities. RMDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, bursitis, tendonitis, epicondylitis, ganglion cyst,
tenosynovitis, and trigger finger. RMDs are caused by too many uninterrupted repetitions of an activity or motion, unnatural or
awkward motions such as twisting the arm or wrist, overexertion, incorrect posture, or muscle fatigue. RMDs occur most
commonly in the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders, but can also happen in the neck, back, hips, knees, feet, legs, and
ankles. The disorders are characterized by pain, tingling, numbness, visible swelling or redness of the affected area, and the
loss of flexibility and strength. For some individuals, there may be no visible sign of injury, although they may find it hard
to perform easy tasks. Over time, RMDs can cause temporary or permanent damage to the soft tissues in the
body -- such as the muscles, nerves, tendons, and ligaments - and compression of nerves or tissue. Generally,
RMDs affect individuals who perform repetitive tasks such as assembly line work, meatpacking, sewing, playing
musical instruments, and computer work. The disorders may also affect individuals who engage in activities
such as carpentry, gardening, and tennis.
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Repetitive motion disorders (RMDs) are a family of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the
course of normal work or daily activities. RMDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, bursitis, tendonitis, epicondylitis, ganglion cyst,
tenosynovitis, and trigger finger. RMDs are caused by too many uninterrupted repetitions of an activity or motion, unnatural or
awkward motions such as twisting the arm or wrist, overexertion, incorrect posture, or muscle fatigue. RMDs occur most
commonly in the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders, but can also happen in the neck, back, hips, knees, feet, legs, and
ankles. The disorders are characterized by pain, tingling, numbness, visible swelling or redness of the affected area, and the
loss of flexibility and strength. For some individuals, there may be no visible sign of injury, although they may find it hard
to perform easy tasks. Over time, RMDs can cause temporary or permanent damage to the soft tissues in the
body -- such as the muscles, nerves, tendons, and ligaments - and compression of nerves or tissue. Generally,
RMDs affect individuals who perform repetitive tasks such as assembly line work, meatpacking, sewing, playing
musical instruments, and computer work. The disorders may also affect individuals who engage in activities
such as carpentry, gardening, and tennis.
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SHINGLES
Shingles is a disease that affects nerves and causes pain and blisters in adults. It is caused by the same varicella-zoster virus
that causes chickenpox. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus does not leave your body, but continues to live in some
nerve cells. The virus can become active to produce shingles. Just like chickenpox, people with shingles will feel sick and have
a rash on their body or face. The major difference is that chickenpox is a childhood illness, while shingles targets older people.
Most adults live with the virus in their body and never get shingles. But about one in five people who have had chickenpox will get
shingles later in life-usually after the age of 50. When the activated virus travels along the path of a nerve to the surface of the
skin, a rash will appear. It usually shows up as a band on one side of the face or body. Symptoms of Shingles include burning,
tingling, itch or numbness of the skin. Skin becomes very sensitive to touch, which can produce strong pain. Shingles follows
a pattern. A few days after the tingling or burning feeling on the skin, a red rash will come out on your body, face, or neck. In a few
days, the rash will turn into fluid-filled blisters. The blisters dry up and crust over within several days. The rash usually happens
on one side of the body. Most cases of shingles last from 3 to 5 weeks. After the rash goes away, some people may be left with
long lasting pain called post-herpetic neuralgia or PHN. The pain is felt in the same area where the rash had been. For some
people, PHN is the longest lasting and worst part of shingles. The pain can make some people feel weak and unable to do
things they usually enjoy. Those who have had PHN say the pain is sharp, throbbing, or stabbing. Their skin is so sensitive they
can’t bear to wear even soft, light clothing. People who have PHN call it a pain that won’t go away. The older you are when you
get shingles, the greater your chance of developing PHN. This pain can last for weeks, months, or even years.
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Shingles is a disease that affects nerves and causes pain and blisters in adults. It is caused by the same varicella-zoster virus
that causes chickenpox. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus does not leave your body, but continues to live in some
nerve cells. The virus can become active to produce shingles. Just like chickenpox, people with shingles will feel sick and have
a rash on their body or face. The major difference is that chickenpox is a childhood illness, while shingles targets older people.
Most adults live with the virus in their body and never get shingles. But about one in five people who have had chickenpox will get
shingles later in life-usually after the age of 50. When the activated virus travels along the path of a nerve to the surface of the
skin, a rash will appear. It usually shows up as a band on one side of the face or body. Symptoms of Shingles include burning,
tingling, itch or numbness of the skin. Skin becomes very sensitive to touch, which can produce strong pain. Shingles follows
a pattern. A few days after the tingling or burning feeling on the skin, a red rash will come out on your body, face, or neck. In a few
days, the rash will turn into fluid-filled blisters. The blisters dry up and crust over within several days. The rash usually happens
on one side of the body. Most cases of shingles last from 3 to 5 weeks. After the rash goes away, some people may be left with
long lasting pain called post-herpetic neuralgia or PHN. The pain is felt in the same area where the rash had been. For some
people, PHN is the longest lasting and worst part of shingles. The pain can make some people feel weak and unable to do
things they usually enjoy. Those who have had PHN say the pain is sharp, throbbing, or stabbing. Their skin is so sensitive they
can’t bear to wear even soft, light clothing. People who have PHN call it a pain that won’t go away. The older you are when you
get shingles, the greater your chance of developing PHN. This pain can last for weeks, months, or even years.
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SHOULDER PROBLEMS AND PAIN
Some shoulder problems arise from the disruption of soft tissues (muscles, tendons, and ligaments) as a result of injury or
from overuse or underuse of the shoulder. Other problems arise from a degenerative process in which tissues break down and
no longer function well. Shoulder pain may be localized or may be referred to areas around the shoulder or down the arm.
Disease within the body (such as gallbladder, liver, or heart disease, or disease of the cervical spine of the neck) also may
generate pain that travels along nerves to the shoulder. For following conditions are the common causes of should pains.
Tendinitis, Bursitis, and Impingement Syndrome: Tendinitis is inflammation (redness, soreness, and swelling) of a tendon. In
tendinitis of the shoulder, the rotator cuff and/or biceps tendon become inflamed, usually as a result of being pinched by
surrounding structures. The injury may vary from mild inflammation to involvement of most of the rotator cuff. When the rotator
cuff tendon becomes inflamed and thickened, it may get trapped under the acromion. Squeezing of the rotator cuff is called
impingement syndrome. Tendinitis and impingement syndrome are often accompanied by inflammation of the bursa sacs that
protect the shoulder. An inflamed bursa is called bursitis. Inflammation caused by a disease such as rheumatoid arthritis may
cause rotator cuff tendinitis and bursitis. Sports involving overuse of the shoulder and occupations requiring frequent overhead
reaching are other potential causes of irritation to the rotator cuff or bursa and may lead to inflammation and impingement.
Signs of these conditions include the slow onset of discomfort and pain in the upper shoulder or upper third of the arm and/or
difficulty sleeping on the shoulder. Tendinitis and bursitis also cause pain when the arm is lifted away from the body or
overhead. If tendinitis involves the biceps tendon (the tendon located in front of the shoulder that helps bend the elbow and turn
the forearm), pain will occur in the front or side of the shoulder and may travel down to the elbow and forearm. Pain may also
occur when the arm is forcefully pushed upward overhead.
Torn Rotator Cuff: One or more rotator cuff tendons may become inflamed from overuse, aging, a fall on an outstretched hand,
or a collision. Sports requiring repeated overhead arm motion or occupations requiring heavy lifting also place a strain on rotator
cuff tendons and muscles. Normally, tendons are strong, but a longstanding wearing down process may lead to a tear.
Typically, a person with a rotator cuff injury feels pain over the deltoid muscle at the top and outer side of the shoulder, especially
when the arm is raised or extended out from the side of the body. Motions like those involved in getting dressed can be painful.
The shoulder may feel weak, especially when trying to lift the arm into a horizontal position. A person may also feel or hear a
click or pop when the shoulder is moved.
Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis): As the name implies, movement of the shoulder is severely restricted in people with a
"frozen shoulder." This condition, which doctors call adhesive capsulitis, is frequently caused by injury that leads to lack of use
due to pain. Rheumatic disease progression and recent shoulder surgery can also cause frozen shoulder. Intermittent periods
of use may cause inflammation. Adhesions (abnormal bands of tissue) grow between the joint surfaces, restricting motion.
There is also a lack of synovial fluid, which normally lubricates the gap between the arm bone and socket to help the shoulder
joint move. It is this restricted space between the capsule and ball of the humerus that distinguishes adhesive capsulitis from a
less complicated painful, stiff shoulder. People with diabetes, stroke, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and heart disease, or
who have been in an accident, are at a higher risk for frozen shoulder. The condition rarely appears in people under 40 years
old. With a frozen shoulder, the joint becomes so tight and stiff that it is nearly impossible to carry out simple movements, such
as raising the arm. People complain that the stiffness and discomfort worsen at night.
Pain Caused by Arthritis of the Shoulder: Arthritis often occurs in the shoulder, or arthritis of should, and the usual signs of
arthritis of the shoulder are pain, particularly over the AC joint, and a decrease in shoulder motion.
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Some shoulder problems arise from the disruption of soft tissues (muscles, tendons, and ligaments) as a result of injury or
from overuse or underuse of the shoulder. Other problems arise from a degenerative process in which tissues break down and
no longer function well. Shoulder pain may be localized or may be referred to areas around the shoulder or down the arm.
Disease within the body (such as gallbladder, liver, or heart disease, or disease of the cervical spine of the neck) also may
generate pain that travels along nerves to the shoulder. For following conditions are the common causes of should pains.
Tendinitis, Bursitis, and Impingement Syndrome: Tendinitis is inflammation (redness, soreness, and swelling) of a tendon. In
tendinitis of the shoulder, the rotator cuff and/or biceps tendon become inflamed, usually as a result of being pinched by
surrounding structures. The injury may vary from mild inflammation to involvement of most of the rotator cuff. When the rotator
cuff tendon becomes inflamed and thickened, it may get trapped under the acromion. Squeezing of the rotator cuff is called
impingement syndrome. Tendinitis and impingement syndrome are often accompanied by inflammation of the bursa sacs that
protect the shoulder. An inflamed bursa is called bursitis. Inflammation caused by a disease such as rheumatoid arthritis may
cause rotator cuff tendinitis and bursitis. Sports involving overuse of the shoulder and occupations requiring frequent overhead
reaching are other potential causes of irritation to the rotator cuff or bursa and may lead to inflammation and impingement.
Signs of these conditions include the slow onset of discomfort and pain in the upper shoulder or upper third of the arm and/or
difficulty sleeping on the shoulder. Tendinitis and bursitis also cause pain when the arm is lifted away from the body or
overhead. If tendinitis involves the biceps tendon (the tendon located in front of the shoulder that helps bend the elbow and turn
the forearm), pain will occur in the front or side of the shoulder and may travel down to the elbow and forearm. Pain may also
occur when the arm is forcefully pushed upward overhead.
Torn Rotator Cuff: One or more rotator cuff tendons may become inflamed from overuse, aging, a fall on an outstretched hand,
or a collision. Sports requiring repeated overhead arm motion or occupations requiring heavy lifting also place a strain on rotator
cuff tendons and muscles. Normally, tendons are strong, but a longstanding wearing down process may lead to a tear.
Typically, a person with a rotator cuff injury feels pain over the deltoid muscle at the top and outer side of the shoulder, especially
when the arm is raised or extended out from the side of the body. Motions like those involved in getting dressed can be painful.
The shoulder may feel weak, especially when trying to lift the arm into a horizontal position. A person may also feel or hear a
click or pop when the shoulder is moved.
Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis): As the name implies, movement of the shoulder is severely restricted in people with a
"frozen shoulder." This condition, which doctors call adhesive capsulitis, is frequently caused by injury that leads to lack of use
due to pain. Rheumatic disease progression and recent shoulder surgery can also cause frozen shoulder. Intermittent periods
of use may cause inflammation. Adhesions (abnormal bands of tissue) grow between the joint surfaces, restricting motion.
There is also a lack of synovial fluid, which normally lubricates the gap between the arm bone and socket to help the shoulder
joint move. It is this restricted space between the capsule and ball of the humerus that distinguishes adhesive capsulitis from a
less complicated painful, stiff shoulder. People with diabetes, stroke, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and heart disease, or
who have been in an accident, are at a higher risk for frozen shoulder. The condition rarely appears in people under 40 years
old. With a frozen shoulder, the joint becomes so tight and stiff that it is nearly impossible to carry out simple movements, such
as raising the arm. People complain that the stiffness and discomfort worsen at night.
Pain Caused by Arthritis of the Shoulder: Arthritis often occurs in the shoulder, or arthritis of should, and the usual signs of
arthritis of the shoulder are pain, particularly over the AC joint, and a decrease in shoulder motion.
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SPINAL STENOSIS
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of spaces in the spine (backbone) that results in pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots.
This disorder usually involves the narrowing of one or more of three areas of the spine: (1) the canal in the center of the column
of bones (vertebral or spinal column) through which the spinal cord and nerve roots run, (2) the canals at the base or roots of
nerves branching out from the spinal cord, or (3) the openings between vertebrae (bones of the spine) through which nerves
leave the spine and go to other parts of the body. The narrowing may involve a small or large area of the spine. Pressure on the
lower part of the spinal cord or on nerve roots branching out from that area may give rise to pain or numbness in the legs.
Narrowing of the canal, which occurs in spinal stenosis, may be caused by following conditions.
Degenerative Conditions: As people age, the ligaments of the spine may thicken and calcify (harden from deposits of calcium
salts). Bones and joints may also enlarge: when surfaces of the bone begin to project out from the body, these projections are
called osteophytes (bone spurs). When the health of one part of the spine fails, it usually places increased stress on other
parts of the spine. For example, a herniated (bulging) disk may place pressure on the spinal cord or nerve root. When a
segment of the spine becomes too mobile, the capsules (enclosing membranes) of the facet joints thicken in an effort to
stabilize the segment, and bone spurs may occur. This decreases the space (neural foramen) available for nerve roots leaving
the spinal cord.
Spondylolisthesis: a condition in which one vertebra slips forward on another, may result from a degenerative condition or an
accident. Poor alignment of the spinal column when a vertebra slips forward onto the one below it can place pressure on the
spinal cord or nerve roots at that place.
Osteoarthritis: It wears away the surface cartilage layer of joints, and is often accompanied by overgrowth of bone, formation of
bone spurs, and impaired function. If the degenerative process of osteoarthritis affects the facet joint (s) and the disk, the
condition is sometimes referred to as spondylosis. This condition may be accompanied by disk degeneration, and an
enlargement or overgrowth of bone that narrows the central and nerve root canals.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Although rheumatoid arthritis is not a common cause of spinal stenosis, the portions of the vertebral
column with the greatest mobility (for example, the neck area) are often the ones most affected in people with rheumatoid
arthritis.
Several conditions that are not related to degenerative disease can also causes of acquired spinal stenosis. These include
tumors, trauma, Paget's disease of bone, Fluorosis (an excessive level of fluoride in the body), and ossification.
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Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of spaces in the spine (backbone) that results in pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots.
This disorder usually involves the narrowing of one or more of three areas of the spine: (1) the canal in the center of the column
of bones (vertebral or spinal column) through which the spinal cord and nerve roots run, (2) the canals at the base or roots of
nerves branching out from the spinal cord, or (3) the openings between vertebrae (bones of the spine) through which nerves
leave the spine and go to other parts of the body. The narrowing may involve a small or large area of the spine. Pressure on the
lower part of the spinal cord or on nerve roots branching out from that area may give rise to pain or numbness in the legs.
Narrowing of the canal, which occurs in spinal stenosis, may be caused by following conditions.
Degenerative Conditions: As people age, the ligaments of the spine may thicken and calcify (harden from deposits of calcium
salts). Bones and joints may also enlarge: when surfaces of the bone begin to project out from the body, these projections are
called osteophytes (bone spurs). When the health of one part of the spine fails, it usually places increased stress on other
parts of the spine. For example, a herniated (bulging) disk may place pressure on the spinal cord or nerve root. When a
segment of the spine becomes too mobile, the capsules (enclosing membranes) of the facet joints thicken in an effort to
stabilize the segment, and bone spurs may occur. This decreases the space (neural foramen) available for nerve roots leaving
the spinal cord.
Spondylolisthesis: a condition in which one vertebra slips forward on another, may result from a degenerative condition or an
accident. Poor alignment of the spinal column when a vertebra slips forward onto the one below it can place pressure on the
spinal cord or nerve roots at that place.
Osteoarthritis: It wears away the surface cartilage layer of joints, and is often accompanied by overgrowth of bone, formation of
bone spurs, and impaired function. If the degenerative process of osteoarthritis affects the facet joint (s) and the disk, the
condition is sometimes referred to as spondylosis. This condition may be accompanied by disk degeneration, and an
enlargement or overgrowth of bone that narrows the central and nerve root canals.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Although rheumatoid arthritis is not a common cause of spinal stenosis, the portions of the vertebral
column with the greatest mobility (for example, the neck area) are often the ones most affected in people with rheumatoid
arthritis.
Several conditions that are not related to degenerative disease can also causes of acquired spinal stenosis. These include
tumors, trauma, Paget's disease of bone, Fluorosis (an excessive level of fluoride in the body), and ossification.
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SPRAINS AND STRAINS
A sprain is a stretch and/or tear of a ligament (a band of fibrous tissue that connects two or more bones at a joint). One or more
ligaments can be injured at the same time. The severity of the injury will depend on the extent of injury (whether a tear is partial
or complete) and the number of ligaments involved.
A sprain can result from a fall, a sudden twist, or a blow to the body that forces a joint out of its normal position and stretches or
tears the ligament supporting that joint. Typically, sprains occur when people fall and land on an outstretched arm, slide into a
baseball base, land on the side of their foot, or twist a knee with the foot planted firmly on the ground. The usual signs and
symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, instability, and loss of the ability to move and use the joint (called functional ability).
However, these signs and symptoms can vary in intensity, depending on the severity of the sprain.
A strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon (fibrous cords of tissue that connect muscle to bone). Depending on the
severity of the injury, a strain may be a simple overstretch of the muscle or tendon, or it can result from a partial or complete tear.
A strain is caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon. Strains can be acute or chronic. An acute strain is associated with
a recent trauma or injury; it also can occur after improperly lifting heavy objects or overstressing the muscles. Chronic strains
are usually the result of overuse: prolonged, repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons. Two common sites for a strain
are the back and the hamstring muscle (located in the back of the thigh). Contact sports put people at risk for strains. Sports that
require extensive gripping can increase the risk of hand and forearm strains. Typically, people with a strain experience pain,
limited motion, muscle spasms, and possibly muscle weakness. They can also have localized swelling, cramping, or
inflammation and, with a minor or moderate strain, usually some loss of muscle function. Patients typically have pain in the
injured area and general weakness of the muscle when they attempt to move it. Severe strains that partially or completely tear
the muscle or tendon are often very painful and disabling.
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A sprain is a stretch and/or tear of a ligament (a band of fibrous tissue that connects two or more bones at a joint). One or more
ligaments can be injured at the same time. The severity of the injury will depend on the extent of injury (whether a tear is partial
or complete) and the number of ligaments involved.
A sprain can result from a fall, a sudden twist, or a blow to the body that forces a joint out of its normal position and stretches or
tears the ligament supporting that joint. Typically, sprains occur when people fall and land on an outstretched arm, slide into a
baseball base, land on the side of their foot, or twist a knee with the foot planted firmly on the ground. The usual signs and
symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, instability, and loss of the ability to move and use the joint (called functional ability).
However, these signs and symptoms can vary in intensity, depending on the severity of the sprain.
A strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon (fibrous cords of tissue that connect muscle to bone). Depending on the
severity of the injury, a strain may be a simple overstretch of the muscle or tendon, or it can result from a partial or complete tear.
A strain is caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon. Strains can be acute or chronic. An acute strain is associated with
a recent trauma or injury; it also can occur after improperly lifting heavy objects or overstressing the muscles. Chronic strains
are usually the result of overuse: prolonged, repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons. Two common sites for a strain
are the back and the hamstring muscle (located in the back of the thigh). Contact sports put people at risk for strains. Sports that
require extensive gripping can increase the risk of hand and forearm strains. Typically, people with a strain experience pain,
limited motion, muscle spasms, and possibly muscle weakness. They can also have localized swelling, cramping, or
inflammation and, with a minor or moderate strain, usually some loss of muscle function. Patients typically have pain in the
injured area and general weakness of the muscle when they attempt to move it. Severe strains that partially or completely tear
the muscle or tendon are often very painful and disabling.
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TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (JAW) DISORDERS
Temporomandibular (jaw) disorders (TMD), also called "TMJ syndrome." TMD is not just one disorder, but a group of
conditions, often painful, that affect the jaw joint (temporomandibular joint, or TMJ) and the muscles that control chewing.
Temporomandibular disorders fall into three main categories:
1) Myofascial pain, the most common form of TMD, which is discomfort or pain in the muscles that control jaw function and the
neck and shoulder muscles.
2) Internal derangement of the joint, meaning a dislocated jaw or displaced disc, or injury to the condyle.
3) Degenerative joint disease, such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis in the jaw joint.
A person may have one or more of these conditions at the same time. Severe injury to the jaw or temporomandibular joint can
cause TMD. A heavy blow, for example, can fracture the bones of the joint or damage the disc, disrupting the smooth motion of
the jaw and causing pain or locking. Arthritis in the jaw joint may also result from injury. A variety of symptoms may be linked to
TMD. Pain, particularly in the chewing muscles and/or jaw joint, is the most common symptom. Other likely symptoms include
limited movement or locking of the jaw, radiating pain in the face, neck or shoulders, painful clicking, popping or grating
sounds in the jaw joint when opening or closing the mouth.
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Temporomandibular (jaw) disorders (TMD), also called "TMJ syndrome." TMD is not just one disorder, but a group of
conditions, often painful, that affect the jaw joint (temporomandibular joint, or TMJ) and the muscles that control chewing.
Temporomandibular disorders fall into three main categories:
1) Myofascial pain, the most common form of TMD, which is discomfort or pain in the muscles that control jaw function and the
neck and shoulder muscles.
2) Internal derangement of the joint, meaning a dislocated jaw or displaced disc, or injury to the condyle.
3) Degenerative joint disease, such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis in the jaw joint.
A person may have one or more of these conditions at the same time. Severe injury to the jaw or temporomandibular joint can
cause TMD. A heavy blow, for example, can fracture the bones of the joint or damage the disc, disrupting the smooth motion of
the jaw and causing pain or locking. Arthritis in the jaw joint may also result from injury. A variety of symptoms may be linked to
TMD. Pain, particularly in the chewing muscles and/or jaw joint, is the most common symptom. Other likely symptoms include
limited movement or locking of the jaw, radiating pain in the face, neck or shoulders, painful clicking, popping or grating
sounds in the jaw joint when opening or closing the mouth.
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TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
Trigeminal neuralgia, also called tic douloureux, is a condition that affects the trigeminal nerve (the 5th cranial nerve), one of the
largest nerves in the head. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sending impulses of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature
to the brain from the face, jaw, gums, forehead, and around the eyes. Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by a sudden, severe,
electric shock-like or stabbing pain typically felt on one side of the jaw or cheek. The disorder is more common in women than in
men and rarely affects anyone younger than 50. The attacks of pain, which generally last several seconds and may be repeated
one after the other, may be triggered by talking, brushing teeth, touching the face, chewing, or swallowing. The attacks may
come and go throughout the day and last for days, weeks, or months at a time, and then disappear for months or years.
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Trigeminal neuralgia, also called tic douloureux, is a condition that affects the trigeminal nerve (the 5th cranial nerve), one of the
largest nerves in the head. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sending impulses of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature
to the brain from the face, jaw, gums, forehead, and around the eyes. Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by a sudden, severe,
electric shock-like or stabbing pain typically felt on one side of the jaw or cheek. The disorder is more common in women than in
men and rarely affects anyone younger than 50. The attacks of pain, which generally last several seconds and may be repeated
one after the other, may be triggered by talking, brushing teeth, touching the face, chewing, or swallowing. The attacks may
come and go throughout the day and last for days, weeks, or months at a time, and then disappear for months or years.
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WHIPLASH
Whiplash-a soft tissue injury to the neck-is also called neck sprain or neck strain. It is characterized by a collection of symptoms
that occur following damage to the neck, usually because of sudden extension and flexion. The disorder commonly occurs as
the result of an automobile accident and may include injury to intervertebral joints, discs, and ligaments, cervical muscles, and
nerve roots. Symptoms such as neck pain may be present directly after the injury or may be delayed for several days. In addition
to neck pain, other symptoms may include neck stiffness, injuries to the muscles and ligaments (myofascial injuries),
headache, dizziness, abnormal sensations such as burning or prickling (paresthesias), or shoulder or back pain. In addition,
some people experience cognitive, somatic, or psychological conditions such as memory loss, concentration impairment,
nervousness/irritability, sleep disturbances, fatigue, or depression.
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Whiplash-a soft tissue injury to the neck-is also called neck sprain or neck strain. It is characterized by a collection of symptoms
that occur following damage to the neck, usually because of sudden extension and flexion. The disorder commonly occurs as
the result of an automobile accident and may include injury to intervertebral joints, discs, and ligaments, cervical muscles, and
nerve roots. Symptoms such as neck pain may be present directly after the injury or may be delayed for several days. In addition
to neck pain, other symptoms may include neck stiffness, injuries to the muscles and ligaments (myofascial injuries),
headache, dizziness, abnormal sensations such as burning or prickling (paresthesias), or shoulder or back pain. In addition,
some people experience cognitive, somatic, or psychological conditions such as memory loss, concentration impairment,
nervousness/irritability, sleep disturbances, fatigue, or depression.
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©2006 Ashi Research Inc. All rights reserved.
©2006 Ashi Research Inc. All rights reserved.